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power integrations 5245 hellyer avenue, san jose, ca 95138 usa. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com title reference design report for a high efficiency ( 81%), high power factor (>0.9) triac dimmable 7 w typ led driver using linkswitch ? -ph lnk403eg specification 90 vac ? 265 vac input; 21 v typ , 0.33 a output application led driver author applications engineering department document number rdr-193 date june 9, 2010 revision 1.0 summary and features ? superior performance and end user experience o triac dimmer compatible (including low cost leading edge type) ? no output flicker ? >1000:1 dimming range o clean monotonic start-up ? no output blinking o fast start-up (<100 ms) ? no perceptible delay o consistent dimming performance unit to unit ? highly energy efficient o 81% at 115 vac, 82% at 230 vac ? low cost, low component count and small printed circuit board footprint solution o no current sensing required o frequency jitter for smaller, lower cost emi filter components ? integrated protection and reliability features o output open circuit / output short-circuit protected with auto-recovery o line input overvoltage shutdown extends voltage withstand during line faults. o auto-recovering thermal shutdown with large hysteresis protects both components and printed circuit board o no damage during brown-out or brown-in conditions ? meets iec 61000-4-5 ringwave, iec 61000-3-2 class c harmonics and en55015 b conducted emi
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 2 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com patent information the products and applications illustrated herein (including transf ormer construction and circuits external to the products) may be covered by one or more u.s. and foreign patents, or potentially by pendi ng u.s. and foreign patent applications assigned to power integ rations. a complete list of power integrations' patents may be found at www. powerint.com. power integrations grants its customers a licens e under certain patent rights as set forth at .
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 3 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com table of contents 1 introducti on .................................................................................................................5 2 power supply s pecification ........................................................................................7 3 schemat ic ...................................................................................................................8 4 circuit desc ription.......................................................................................................9 4.1 input filt ering .......................................................................................................9 4.2 linkswitch-ph primary ........................................................................................9 4.3 bias and output re ctificat ion ..............................................................................9 4.4 triac phase dimmi ng control ...........................................................................9 5 pcb lay out...............................................................................................................11 6 bill of ma terial s .........................................................................................................12 7 transformer spec ificatio n .........................................................................................14 7.1 electrical diagram..............................................................................................14 7.2 electrical spec ificatio ns .....................................................................................14 7.3 material s ............................................................................................................14 7.4 transformer build diagr am................................................................................15 7.5 transformer cons truction ..................................................................................15 8 transformer desi gn spreads heet .............................................................................16 9 performanc e data .....................................................................................................19 9.1 efficiency vs. line and output (led string) volt age..........................................19 9.1.1 21 v ............................................................................................................19 9.1.2 18 v ............................................................................................................19 9.1.3 24 v ............................................................................................................20 9.2 regulatio n .........................................................................................................21 9.2.1 output volt age and li ne.............................................................................21 9.2.2 line regula tion...........................................................................................22 10 thermal perf ormance............................................................................................24 10.1 v in = 115 vac ...................................................................................................24 10.2 v in = 230 vac ...................................................................................................24 11 harmonic data ......................................................................................................25 12 wavefo rms ............................................................................................................27 12.1 input line voltage and curr ent ..........................................................................27 12.2 drain voltage and curr ent .................................................................................27 12.3 output voltage and ripple cu rrent....................................................................28 12.4 drain voltage and current start-up profile ........................................................28 12.5 output current and drain volt age at shorte d output ........................................29 12.6 open load output volt age ................................................................................29 13 dimming ................................................................................................................30 13.1 input phase vs. ou tput cu rrent .........................................................................30 13.2 output voltage and input current waveforms du ring dimmi ng ........................31 13.2.1 v in = 115 vac / 60 hz ................................................................................31 13.2.2 v in = 230 vac / 50 hz ................................................................................32 14 line surg e.............................................................................................................33 15 conducted emi .....................................................................................................34 16 production distri bution da ta..................................................................................36
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 4 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 17 revision hi story ....................................................................................................37 18 appendix ...............................................................................................................38 18.1 dimming test with tria c dimmer s witches ....................................................38 18.1.1 115 vac inpu t, 60 hz.................................................................................38 18.1.2 230 vac inpu t, 50 hz.................................................................................38 18.2 audible noise test data....................................................................................39 18.2.1 v in = 115 vac, fu ll phas e .........................................................................39 18.2.2 v in = 115 vac, half phase ........................................................................39 18.2.3 v in = 230 vac, fu ll phas e .........................................................................40 18.2.4 v in = 230 vac, half phase ........................................................................40 important note: although this board is designed to satisfy safety isolation requirements, the engineering prototype has not been agency approv ed. therefore, all testing should be performed using an isolation transformer to provide the ac input to the prototype board.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 5 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 1 introduction the document describes a high power-factor corrected dimmable led driver designed to drive 21 v at 0.33 a from an input voltage ra nge of 90 vac to 265 vac. the led driver utilizes the lnk403eg from power integrations. linkswitch-ph ics allow the im plementation of cost effect ive and low component count led drivers which both meet power factor and harmonics limits but also offer enhanced end user experience. this incl udes ultra-wide dimming range, flicker free operation (even with low cost with ac line triac dimme rs) and fast, clean turn on. the topology used is an isolated flyback operat ing in continuous conduction mode. output current regulation is sensed entirely from the primary side eliminating the need for secondary side feedback components. no external current s ensing is required on the primary side either as this is performed inside the ic further reducing components and losses. the internal controller adjusts the mosfet duty cycle to ma intain a sinusoidal input current and therefore high power factor and low harmonic currents. the lnk403eg also provides a sophisticated range of protection feat ures including auto- restart for open control loop and output short-circuit conditions. line overvoltage provides extended line fault and surge withstand, output ov ervoltage protects the supply should the load be disconnect and accurate hysteretic thermal shutdown ensures safe average pcb temperatures under all conditions. in any led luminaire the driver determines many of the performance attributes experienced by the end customer (user) includi ng startup time, dimmi ng, flicker and unit to unit consistency. for this design a focus was given to compatibility with as wider range of dimmers and as large of a dimming range as possible, at both 115 vac and 230 vac. however simplification of the design is possi ble for both single input voltage operation, no dimming or operation with a limited r ange of (higher quality) dimmers. this document contains the led driver spec ification, schematic, pcb diagram, bill of materials, transformer documentation and typical performance characteristics.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 6 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com figure 1 ? populated circuit board photograph (top view). pcb outline designed to fit inside par20 enclosure. figure 2 ? populated circuit board photograph (bottom view).
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 7 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 2 power supply specification the table below represents the minimum acc eptable performance of the design. actual performance is listed in the results section. description symbol min typ max units comment input voltage a v in 90 115 265 vac 2 wire ? no p.e. frequency f line 47 50/60 64 hz output output voltage v out 18 21 24 v output current a i out 0.33 a v out = 21, v in = 115 vac, 25c total output power continuous output power p out 7 w efficiency full load ? 80 % measured at p out 25 o c environmental conducted emi meets cispr 15b / en55015b safety designed to meet iec950 / ul1950 class ii ring wave (100 khz) differential mode (l1-l2) common mode (l1/l2-pe) 2.5 kv iec 61000-4-5 , 200 a power factor 0.9 measured at v out(typ) , i out(typ) and 115/230 vac harmonics en 61000-3-2 class d ambient temperature b t amb 40 o c free convection, sea level notes: a when configured for phase controlled (triac) dimming, in order to give the widest dimming range, the output current for a link switch-ph design varies with line voltage. therefore the output current spec ification is defined at a single line voltage only. for this design a line voltage of 115 vac was selected. at higher line voltages the output current will increase and reduce with lower line voltages. the typical output current variation is +30% for +200% increase in line voltage. a si ngle resistor value change can be used to center the nominal out put current for a given nominal li ne voltage. see table 1 for the feedback resistor value vs. nominal line voltage. b maximum ambient temperat ure specification may be in creased by adding a small heatsink to the linkswitch-ph device.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 8 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 3 schematic figure 3 ? schematic.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 9 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 4 circuit description the linkswitch-ph device is a controller and integrated 725 v mosfet intended for use in led driver applications. t he linkswitch-ph is configured for use in a single-stage continuous conduction mode flyback topology and provides a primary side regulated constant current output while maintaining high power factor from the ac input. 4.1 input filtering fuse f1 fuses the input and br1 rectifies t he ac line voltage. inductor l1-l3, c2, r2, and r3 form emi filter with c7 y capacitor. small bulk capacitor c3 is required for a low impedance path for the primary switching cu rrent. a low value of capacitance is necessary to maintain a power factor of greater than 0.9. 4.2 linkswitch-ph primary diode d6 and c8 detect the peak ac line voltage. this voltage is converted to a current into the v pin via r4 and r7. this current is also used by the device to set the input over/undervoltage protection thresholds. the v pin current and the fb pin current are used internally to control the average out put led current. triac phase-angle dimming applications require 49.9 k ? resistors on the r pin and 4 m ? on the v pin to provide a linear relationship between input voltage and the output current. resistor r4 also sets the internal references to select the brown-in and brown-out and input overvoltage protection thresholds. diode d1 and vr1 clamp the drain voltage to a safe level from the leakage inductance voltage spike. diode d5 is necessary to prevent reverse current from flowing through the linkswitch-ph device. 4.3 bias and output rectification diode d3, c6, r5, r9 and r18 create the primar y bias supply. this voltage created from the transformer bias winding supplies bias current into the bypass pin through d4 and r10. capacitor c12 is the main supply for the linkswitch-ph, which is charged to ~6 v at start-up from an internal hi gh-voltage current source tied to the device drain pin. a current proportional to the output voltage from the primary bias winding is fed into the feedback pin through r15. diode d2 rectif ies the secondary winding while capacitors c4 and c5 filter the output. diode d8, r24, c14, vr3, c15, r23, and q2 provide an open load overvoltage protection function. this protects out put capacitors, c4 and c5 from excessive voltage s hould the load be disconnected. 4.4 triac phase dimming control components r12, r13, r20, r17, d7, q1, c13, vr2, and q3 in conjunction with r16 reduce the inrush current when the triac dimmer turns on. this circuit allows the inrush current to flow through r16 for the first 2. 4 ms at 115 vac (1.2 ms at 230 vac) of the triac conduction. after approximately 2.4 ms , q3 turns on and shorts r16. this keeps the power dissipation on r16 low. resistor r12, r13, r20 and c1 3 provide a 2.4 ms
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 10 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com delay after the triac conducts. transistor q1 discharges c13 when the triac is not conducting. zener vr2 clamps t he gate voltage of q3 to 15 v. capacitor c9 and r14 keep the triac current above the holding threshold to prevent multiple firings.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 11 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 5 pcb layout figure 4 ? printed circuit layout (designed to fit inside par20 lamp form factor).
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 12 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 6 bill of materials item qty ref des description mfg part number mfg 1 1 br1 600 v, 1 a, bridge rectifier, smd, dfs df06s-e3/45 vishay 2 1 c2 22 nf, 275vac, film, x2 ecq-u2a223ml panasonic 3 1 c3 100 nf, 400 v, film ecq-e4104kf panasonic 4 2 c4 c5 270 ? f, 35 v, electrolytic, very low esr, 41 m ? , (8 x 20) ekze350ell271mh20d nippon chemi-con 5 1 c6 22 ? f, 50 v, electrolytic, low esr, 900 m ? , (5 x 11.5) elxz500ell220meb5d nippon chemi-con 6 1 c7 2.2 nf, ceramic, y1 440ld22-r vishay 7 1 c8 1 ? f, 400 v, electrolytic, (6.3 x 11) ekmg401ell1r0mf11d united chemi-con 8 1 c9 220 nf, 400 v, film ecq-e4224kf panasonic 9 1 c12 100 ? f, 10 v, electrolytic, very low esr, 300 m ? , (5 x 11) ekze100ell101me11d nippon chemi-con 10 1 c13 68 nf, 50 v, ceramic, x7r, 0805 ecj-2yb1h683k panasonic 11 1 c14 1 ? f, 50 v, ceramic, x7r, 0805 08055d105kat2a avx corporation 12 1 c15 100 nf, 50 v, ceramic, x7r, 0805 ecj-2yb1h104k panasonic 13 1 d1 1000 v, 1 a, ultrafast reco very, 75 ns, do-41 uf4007-e3 vishay 14 1 d2 200 v, 4 a, schottky, smc, do-214ab mbrs4201t3g on semiconductor 15 1 d3 400v, 1 a, rectifier, fast recovery, melf (dl-41) dl4936-13-f diodes inc 16 1 d4 100 v, 1 a, fast recovery, 150 ns, sma rs1b-13-f diodes, inc 17 1 d5 200 v, 1 a, ultrafast recovery, 25 ns, do-214ac es1d vishay 18 1 d6 1000 v, 1 a, rectifier, glass passivated, do- 213aa (melf) dl4007-13-f diodes inc 19 1 d7 100 v, 1 a, rectifier, glass passivated, do- 213aa (melf) dl4002-13-f diodes inc 20 1 d8 250 v, 0.2 a, fast switching, 50 ns, sod-323 bav21ws-7-f diode inc. 21 1 f1 3.15 a, 250 v, slow, rst 507-1181 belfuse 22 3 fl1 fl2 fl3 pcb terminal hole, 22 awg n/a n/a 23 2 l n test point, wht,thru-hole mount 5012 keystone 24 3 l1 l2 l3 1000 ? h, 0.14 a slf7045t-102mr14-pf tdk corporation 25 1 q1 pnp, 400v 150ma, sot-23 fmmt558ta zetex inc 26 1 q2 npn, small signal bjt, 40 v, 0. 2 a, sot-23 mmbt3904lt1g on semiconductor 27 1 q3 400 v, 1.7 a, 3.6 ? , n-channel, dpak irfr310trpbf vishay 28 3 r2 r3 r23 1 k ? , 5%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6geyj102v panasonic 29 2 r4 r7 2.00 m ? , 1%, 1/4 w, thick film, 1206 erj-8enf2004v panasonic 30 1 r5 75 ? , 5%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6geyj750v panasonic 31 1 r6 20 k ? , 5%, 1/4 w, thick film, 1206 erj-8geyj203v panasonic 32 2 r9 r18 10 k ? , 5%, 1/4 w, thick film, 1206 erj-8geyj103v panasonic 33 1 r10 3 k ? , 5%, 1/4 w, thick film, 1206 erj-8geyj302v panasonic 34 2 r12 r13 750 k ? , 1%, 1/4 w, thick film, 1206 erj-8enf7503v panasonic 35 1 r14 1 k ? , 5%, 1 w, metal oxide rsf100jb-1k0 yageo 36 1 r15 143 k ? , 1%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6enf1433v panasonic
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 13 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 37 1 r16 270 ? , 5%, 1/2 w, carbon film cfr-50jb-270r yageo 38 1 r17 15 ? , 1%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6enf15r0v panasonic 39 1 r19 49.9 k ? , 1%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6enf4992v panasonic 40 1 r20 2.4 m ? , 5%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6geyj245v panasonic 41 1 r24 10 k ? , 5%, 1/8 w, thick film, 0805 erj-6geyj103v panasonic 42 1 rv1 275 v, 80j, 10 mm, radial erz-v10d431 panasonic 43 1 t1 custom transfomer, rm6,6pins snx-r1537 santronics usa 44 1 tp3 test point, red,miniature thru-hole mount 5000 keystone 45 1 tp4 test point, blk,miniature thru-hole mount 5001 keystone 46 1 u1 linkswitch, lnk406eg, esip lnk406eg power integrations 47 1 vr1 200 v, 1500w, tvs, gp-20 1.5ke200a-e3/54 vishay 48 1 vr2 15 v, 5%, 500 mw, do-213aa (melf) zmm5245b-7 diodes inc 49 1 vr3 39v, 5%, 500 mw, do-213aa (melf) zmm5259b-7 diodes inc
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 14 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 7 transformer specification 7.1 electrical diagram figure 5 ? transformer electrical diagram. 7.2 electrical specifications electrical strength 1 second, 60 hz, from pins 1, 2, 6, fl1 to fl2, fl3 3000 vac primary inductance pins 1-fl1, all other winding s open, measured at 100 khz, 0.4 vrms 2.45 mh 10% resonant frequency pins 1-fl1, all other windings open 750 khz (min.) primary leakage inductance pins 1-fl1 with fl2-fl3 shorted, measured at 100 ? khz, 0.4 vrms 35 ? h 10% 7.3 materials item description [1] core: pc95rm6 from tdk or equivalent, alg = 149.5nh/n 2 [2] bobbin: 6 pin vertical, b-rm6-v-6p from epcos, or equivalent [3] magnet wire: #35 awg. [4] magnet wire: #36 awg [5] magnet wire: #28 awg t.i.w. [6] tape: 3m 1298 polyester film, 7 mm wide. [7] mounting clip, cli/p-rm6, and varnish.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 15 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 7.4 transformer build diagram w1 - start (p1) w2 - finish (p2) w2 - start (p6) w3 - start (fl2) w3 - finish (fl3) 1l tape 1l tape 3l tape w4 - finish (fl1) 1l tape figure 6 ? transformer build diagram. 7.5 transformer construction bobbin preparation place the bobbin item [2] on the mandrel such that pin side on the left side. winding direction is the clockwise direction. wd 1 start at pin 1, wind 64 turns of #35 awg item [3] from left to right two layers. at the last turn exit the same slot, leave enough length wi re floating to wind next 64 turns in wd4. insulation apply one layer of tape [6] for insulation. wd 2 start at pin 6, wind 26 turns of #36 awg [4] wi re from left to right. finish at pin 2. insulation apple one layer of tape [6] for insulation. wd 3 leave about 1? of wire item [5], use small tape to mark as fl2, enter into slot of secondary side of bobbin, wind 22 turns in two la yers. at the last turn exit the same slot, leave about 1?, and mark as fl3. insulation apple one layer of tape [6] for insulation. wd 4 continue to wind with floating wire, 64 turns of #35 awg from left to right two layers. leave 1? and mark as fl1 insulation apply three layers of tape [6] for insulation. final assembly cut fl1, fl2, fl3 wire length to 0.75?. grind core. assemble core and varnish using item [7]. pins side
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 16 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 8 transformer design spreadsheet acdc linkswitch-ph 042910; rev.1.0; copyright power integrations 2010 input info output unit linkswitch-ph_042910: flyback transformer design spreadsheet enter application variables dimming required yes info yes !!! info. when configured for dimming, best output current line regulation is ac hieved over a single input voltage range. vacmin 90 v minimum ac input voltage vacmax 265 265 v maximum ac input voltage fl 50 hz ac mains frequency vo 21.00 v typical output voltage of led string at full load vo_max 23.10 v maximum expected led string voltage. vo_min 18.90 v minimum expected led string voltage. v_ovp 25.41 v over-voltage protection setpoint io 0.33 typical full load led current po 6.9 w output power n 0.8 estimated efficiency of operation vb 25 25 v bias voltage enter linkswitch-ph variables linkswitch-ph lnk403 universal 115 doubled/230v chosen device lnk403 power out 12.5w 12.5w current limit mode full full select "red" for reduced current limit mode or "full" for full current limit mode ilimitmin 0.81 a minimum current limit ilimitmax 0.92 a maximum current limit fs 66000 hz switching frequency fsmin 62000 hz minimum switching frequency fsmax 70000 hz maximum switching frequency iv 39.9 ua v pin current rv 4 m-ohms upper v pin resistor rv2 1e+12 m-ohms lower v pin resistor ifb 139.00 139.0 ua fb pin current (85 ua < ifb < 210 ua) rfb1 158.3 k-ohms fb pin resistor vds 10 v linkswitch-ph on-state drain to source voltage vd 0.50 v output winding diode forward voltage drop (0.5 v for schottky and 0.8 v for pn diode) vdb 0.70 v bias winding diode forward voltage drop key design parameters kp 1.06 1.06 ripple to peak current ratio (for pf > 0.9, 0.4 < kp < 0.9) lp 2450 uh primary inductance vor 125.00 125 v reflected output voltage. expected io (average) 0.33 a expected average output current kp_vacmax info 1.35 !!! info. pf at high line may be less than 0.9. decrease kp for higher pf ton_min 1.91 us minimum on time at maximum ac input voltage enter transformer core/construction variables core type rm6 rm6 bobbin #n/a p/n: #n/a ae 0.3600 0.36 cm^2 core effective cross sectional area
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 17 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com le 2.8600 2.86 cm core effective path length al 2280.0 2280 nh/t^2 ungapped core effective inductance bw 6.4 6.4 mm bobbin physical winding width m 0 mm safety margin width (half the primary to secondary creepage distance) l 4.00 4 number of primary layers ns 22 22 number of secondary turns dc input voltage parameters vmin 127 v peak input voltage at vacmin vmax 375 v peak input voltage at vacmax current waveform shape parameters dmax 0.50 minimum duty cycle at peak of vacmin iavg 0.33 a average primary current ip 0.42 a peak primary current (calculated at minimum input voltage vacmin) irms 0.14 a primary rms current (calculated at minimum input voltage vacmin) transformer primary design parameters lp 2450 uh primary inductance np 128 primary winding number of turns nb 26 bias winding number of turns alg 150 nh/t^2 gapped core effective inductance bm 2244 gauss maximum flux density at po, vmin (bm<3100) bp 2715 gauss peak flux density (bp<3700) bac 1122 gauss ac flux density for core loss curves (0.5 x peak to peak) ur 1441 relative permeability of ungapped core lg 0.28 mm gap length (lg > 0.1 mm) bwe 25.6 mm effective bobbin width od 0.20 mm maximum primary wire diameter including insulation ins 0.04 mm estimated total insulation thickness (= 2 * film thickness) dia 0.16 mm bare conductor diameter awg 35 awg primary wire gauge (rounded to next smaller standard awg value) cm 32 cmils bare conductor effect ive area in circular mils cma 234 cmils/amp primary winding current capacity (200 < cma < 600) transformer secondary design parameters (single output equivalent) lumped parameters isp 2.45 a peak secondary current isrms 0.72 a secondary rms current iripple 0.65 a output capacitor rms ripple current cms 145 cmils secondary bare conducto r minimum circular mils awgs 28 awg secondary wire gauge (rounded up to next larger standard awg value) dias 0.32 mm secondary minimum bare conductor diameter ods 0.29 mm secondary maximum outside diameter for triple insulated wire voltage stress parameters vdrain 628 v estimated maximum drain voltage assuming maximum led string voltage (includes effect of leakage inductance)
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 18 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com pivs 90 v output rectifier maximum peak inverse voltage (calculated at vovp, ex cludes leakage inductance spike) pivb 107 v bias rectifier maximum peak inverse voltage (calculated at vovp, ex cludes leakage inductance spike) fine tuning (enter measured values from prototype) v pin resistor fine tuning rv1 4.00 m-ohms upper v pin resistor value rv2 1e+12 m-ohms lower v pin resistor value vac1 115.0 v test input voltage condition1 vac2 230.0 v test input voltage condition2 io_vac1 0.33 a measured output current at vac1 io_vac2 0.33 a measured output current at vac2 rv1 (new) 4.00 m-ohms new rv1 rv2 (new) 20911.63 m-ohms new rv2 v_ov 319.6 v typical ac input voltage at which ov shutdown will be triggered v_uv 66.3 v typical ac input voltage beyond which power supply can startup fb pin resistor fine tuning rfb1 158 k-ohms upper fb pin resistor value rfb2 1e+12 k-ohms lower fb pin resistor value vb1 22.5 v test bias voltage condition1 vb2 27.5 v test bias voltage condition2 io1 0.33 a measured output current at vb1 io2 0.33 a measured output current at vb2 rfb1 (new) 158.3 k-ohms new rfb1 rfb2(new) 1.00e+12 k-ohms new rfb2 note: actual r fb = 142 k ? due to lower bias voltage. measured pf at 230 vac was 0.9.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 19 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 9 performance data all measurements performed at room temperature. 9.1 efficiency vs. line and ou tput (led string) voltage 9.1.1 21 v hz v in (vac) p in (w) v out (v) i out (ma) p out (w) efficiency (%) pf 60 90 7.63 21 295 6.20 81 60 100 8.1 21.09 314 6.62 82 60 115 8.78 21.24 340 7.22 82 0.97 60 130 9.37 21.36 362 7.73 83 hz v in (vac) p in (w) v out (v) i out (ma) p out (w) efficiency (%) pf 50 185 10.82 21.63 415 8.98 83 50 200 11.15 21.68 426 9.24 83 50 215 11.48 21.74 437 9.50 83 50 230 11.8 21.79 448 9.76 83 0.9 50 245 12.11 21.83 458 10.00 83 50 265 12.53 21.88 471 10.31 82 9.1.2 18 v hz v in (vac) p in (w) v out (v) i out (ma) p out (w) efficiency (%) pf 60 90 6.57 17.82 301 5.36 82 60 100 6.95 17.91 318 5.70 82 60 115 7.48 18.04 343 6.19 83 0.96 60 130 7.98 18.14 365 6.62 83 hz v in (vac) p in (w) v out (v) i out (ma) p out (w) efficiency (%) pf 50 185 9.27 18.42 418 7.70 83 50 200 9.56 18.43 429 7.91 83 50 215 9.84 18.5 440 8.14 83 50 230 10.12 18.54 451 8.36 83 0.88 50 245 10.4 18.59 461 8.57 82 50 265 10.76 18.64 474 8.84 82
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 20 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 9.1.3 24 v hz v in (vac) p in (w) v out (v) i out (ma) p out (w) efficiency (%) pf 60 90 8.76 24.07 290 6.98 80 60 100 9.26 24.17 309 7.47 81 60 115 10.07 24.35 337 8.21 81 0.97 60 130 10.76 24.49 359 8.79 82 hz v in (vac) p in (w) v out (v) i out (ma) p out (w) efficiency (%) pf 50 185 12.39 24.8 412 10.22 82 50 200 12.77 24.86 424 10.54 83 50 215 13.14 24.92 435 10.84 82 50 230 13.51 24.98 446 11.14 82 0.91 50 245 13.86 25.04 456 11.42 82 50 265 14.32 25.1 468 11.75 82 79 80 81 82 83 84 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 input voltage (vac) efficiency (%) 18 v 21 v 24 v figure 7 ? efficiency vs. input voltage, room temperature.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 21 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 9.2 regulation 9.2.1 output voltage and line 250 300 350 400 450 500 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 output voltage (vdc) output current (ma) 115 v 230 v figure 8 ? voltage and line regulation, room temperature. the line regulation result shown above is typical for a design where the phase angle dimming mode of u1 is selected (to provide a very wide dimming range). for a given line voltage the output current can be centered by changing the value of the feedback resistor (r15). the table below shows the re sistor values to ad just the mean output current at specific input voltages, line voltage (vac) value of r15 (k ? ) 100 133 115 143 230 182 table 1 ? feedback resistor value to center output current at different nominal line voltages.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 22 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 9.2.2 line regulation 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 input voltage (vac) output current (ma) 21 v 18 v 24 v figure 9 ? low line regulation, room temperature, full load.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 23 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 input voltage (vac) output current (ma) 21 v 18 v 24 v figure 10 ? high line regulation, room temperature, full load.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 24 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 10 thermal performance images captured after running for 30 minutes at room temperatur e (25 c), full load. this indicates an operating temperature of 100c at 50c for the linkswitch-ph. the addition of a small heatsink (width of board) to the device reduces the operating temperature by ~25c. 10.1 v in = 115 vac figure 11 ? top side. figure 12 ? bottom side. 10.2 v in = 230 vac figure 13 ? top side. figure 14 ? bottom side.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 25 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 11 harmonic data the design passes class c requirement. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 harmonic current (ma) class c limit rd-193 harmonic data at 115 vac figure 15 ? 115 vac harmonic, room temperature, full load.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 26 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 harmonic current (ma) class c limit rd-193 harmonic data at 230 vac figure 16 ? 230 vac harmonic, room temperature, full load. v in =115 vac thd (%) limit (%) margin (%) 21.00 33 12.0 v in = 230 vac thd (%) limit (%) margin (%) 27.80 33 5.2
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 27 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 12 waveforms 12.1 input line voltage and current figure 17 ? 90 vac, full load. upper: i in , 0.2 a / div. lower: v in , 200 v, 10 ms / div. figure 18 ? 265 vac, full load. upper: i in , 0.1 a / div. lower: v in , 500 v / div., 10 ms / div. 12.2 drain voltage and current figure 19 ? 90 vac, full load. upper: i drain , 0.2 a / div. lower: v drain , 200 v, 5 ? s / div. figure 20 ? 265 vac, full load. upper: i drain , 0.2 a / div. lower: v drain , 200 v / div., 5 ? s / div.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 28 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 12.3 output voltage and ripple current figure 21 ? 90 vac, full load. upper: i ripple , 0.2 a / div. lower: v output 5 v, 5 ms / div. figure 22 ? 265 vac, full load. upper: i ripple , 0.2 a / div. lower: v output 5 v, 5 ms / div. 12.4 drain voltage and current start-up profile ` figure 23 ? 90 vac, full load. upper: i drain , 0.2 a / div. lower: v output, 5 v, 10 ms / div. figure 24 ? 265 vac, full load. upper: i ripple , 0.2 a / div. lower: v output, 5 v, 10 ms / div.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 29 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 12.5 output current and drain voltage at shorted output figure 25 ? 90 vac, full load. upper: i output , 1 a / div. lower: v drain, 200 v, 200 ms / div. figure 26 ? 265 vac, full load. upper: i output , 1 a / div. lower: v drain, 200 v, 200 ms / div. 12.6 open load output voltage figure 27 ? output voltage: 115 vac. v out , 10 v / div., 500 ms / div. figure 28 ? output voltage: 230 vac. v out , 10 v / div., 500 ms / div.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 30 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 13 dimming 13.1 input phase vs. output current 115 vac 230 vac phase angle i out (ma) phase angle i out (ma) 163 310 160 430 91 150 88 210 61 70 61 110 35 24 49 74 9 2 34 28 0 0 11 8 0 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 phase angle () led current (a) 115 vac 230 vac figure 29 ? input phase vs. output current.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 31 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 13.2 output voltage and input cu rrent waveforms during dimming 13.2.1 v in = 115 vac / 60 hz figure 30 ? 115 vac, full phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div. figure 31 ? 115 vac, 60 phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div. figure 32 ? 115 vac, 35 phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div. figure 33 ? 115 vac, 8 phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 32 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 13.2.2 v in = 230 vac / 50 hz figure 34 ? 230 vac, full phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div. figure 35 ? 230 vac, 49 phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div. figure 36 ? 230 vac, 34 phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div. figure 37 ? 230 vac, 12 phase. upper: v out , 10 v / div. lower: i in , 0.1 a / div., 5 ms / div.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 33 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 14 line surge differential and common input line 200a ring wa ve testing was completed on a single test unit to iec61000-4-5. input voltage was set at 230 vac / 60 hz. output was loaded at full load and operation was verified following each surge event. surge level (v) input voltage (vac) injection location injection phase () test result (pass/fail) 2500 230 l to n 90 pass 2500 230 l to n 90 pass 2500 230 l to pe 90 pass 2500 230 l to pe 90 pass 2500 230 n to pe 90 pass 2500 230 n to pe 90 pass unit passes under all test conditions.
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 34 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 15 conducted emi note: refer to table for margin to standard ? blue line is peak meas urement but limit line is quasi peak. power integrations 9 khz 3 0 m h z 1 p k clrw r 2 a v clrw r sgl tdf 6db dbv dbv 27.apr 10 15:55 rbw 9 khz mt 500 ms att 10 db auto 100 khz 1 mhz 10 mhz -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 limit check pass en55015a en55015q edit peak list (final measurement results) trace1: en55015q trace2: en55015a trace3: --- trace frequency level dbv delta limit db 2 average 128.247618558 khz 26.98 n gnd 2 average 132.133649648 khz 31.57 n gnd 2 average 136.137431366 khz 29.83 n gnd 1 quasi peak 190.46019728 khz 48.16 l1 gnd -15.85 2 average 200.175581485 khz 40.71 n gnd -12.89 1 quasi peak 261.871472881 khz 40.66 n gnd -20.70 1 quasi peak 332.507282579 khz 45.95 l1 gnd -13.43 2 average 397.727746704 khz 38.88 l1 gnd -9.01 1 quasi peak 401.705024172 khz 49.29 l1 gnd -8.52 1 quasi peak 466.367062279 khz 48.81 n gnd -7.76 2 average 466.367062279 khz 38.69 n gnd -7.88 1 quasi peak 530.769219795 khz 46.57 l1 gnd -9.42 2 average 530.769219795 khz 35.42 l1 gnd -10.57 2 average 598.084042089 khz 36.37 l1 gnd -9.62 1 quasi peak 667.263434405 khz 48.01 n gnd -7.98 2 average 667.263434405 khz 35.42 n gnd -10.57 1 quasi peak 935.888336808 khz 45.80 l1 gnd -10.19 2 average 4.16322710559 mhz 38.65 n gnd -7.34 1 quasi peak 4.33227082061 mhz 45.55 n gnd -10.44 figure 38 ? conducted emi, maximum steady state load, 115 vac, 60 hz, and en55015 b limits.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 35 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com edit peak list (final measurement results) trace1: en55015q trace2: en55015a trace3: --- trace frequency level dbv delta limit db 2 average 130.825395691 khz 32.43 n gnd 2 average 136.137431366 khz 34.96 l1 gnd 1 quasi peak 192.364799253 khz 47.32 l1 gnd -16.60 2 average 202.1773373 khz 38.56 n gnd -14.95 1 quasi peak 267.135089486 khz 41.78 n gnd -19.42 2 average 269.806440381 khz 34.00 n gnd -17.11 2 average 335.832355405 khz 33.36 l1 gnd -15.94 1 quasi peak 352.963180679 khz 39.19 l1 gnd -19.69 2 average 405.722074413 khz 33.60 n gnd -14.13 1 quasi peak 409.779295157 khz 42.10 n gnd -15.54 2 average 471.030732902 khz 31.24 l1 gnd -15.25 1 quasi peak 515.159375557 khz 41.49 n gnd -14.50 2 average 541.437681113 khz 33.55 n gnd -12.44 2 average 673.936068749 khz 32.91 l1 gnd -13.08 2 average 4.37559352882 mhz 40.83 n gnd -5.16 1 quasi peak 4.55326017222 mhz 46.83 n gnd -9.16 figure 39 ? conducted emi, maximum steady state load, 230 vac, 60 hz, and en55015 b limits. power integrations 9 khz 30 mhz 1 p k clrw r 2 a v clrw r sgl tdf 6db dbv dbv 27.apr 10 15:58 rbw 9 khz mt 500 ms att 10 db auto 100 khz 1 mhz 10 mhz -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 limit check pass en55015a en55015q
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 36 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 16 production distribution data each rd-193 board is ate tested and the data recorded prior to shipping. the distribution data for output cu rrent is presented below for a fixed line condition of 115 vac and a device junction tem perature of 50c. this shows very low unit to unit variation (sigma of 3.3 ma) which incl udes both the device and external component influences. 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 iout ( a ) frequency mean 0.3358 stdev 0.003328 n92 normal histogram of average output current vin = 115 vac figure 40 ? production variation of i out at 115 vac.
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 37 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 17 revision history date author revision description & changes reviewed 09-jun-10 dk 1.0 initial release apps and mktg
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 38 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 18 appendix 18.1 dimming test with triac dimmer switches 18.1.1 115 vac input, 60 hz dimming test data style country manufacturer model number max current (ma) controlled min. current (ma) min. current without off switch (ma) rotary 1 taiwan ws-5005 325 3 0 2 usa leviton ob4911 324 16 0 slider 1 usa lutron glr11-f38875 288 14 0 2 taiwan sg electric xh004186 310 2 0 18.1.2 230 vac input, 50 hz dimming test data style country manufacturer model number max. current (ma) controlled min. current (ma) min. current without off switch (ma) rotary 1 taiwan y-25088a 440 2 0 2 taiwan y-25082a 439 2 0 3 taiwan d-2160b 442 30 4 china clipmei 440 5 0 5 china mbr 440 92 6 china kbe 438 7 0 7 china mank nk/tg100001 441 120 8 china sb electric bm2 426 2 0 9 china ebahuang 440 1 0 10 china myongbo 444 100 11 china tcl l2.0 438 48 12 italy rts34dli 444 53
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 39 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 18.2 audible noise test data unit measured open frame wit h calibrated laboratory microphone placed 25 mm above the transformer. results show very acceptable audible noise le vels created by supply when using leading edge phase angle dimming. levels measured were only slightly above noise floor. 18.2.1 v in = 115 vac, full phase figure 41 ? 2 khz ? 22 khz. 18.2.2 v in = 115 vac, half phase figure 42 ? 2 khz ? 22 khz. -30 +80 -20 -10 +0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 d b r a 2k 22k 4k 6k 8k 10k 12k 14k 16k 18k 20k hz -30 +80 -20 -10 +0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 d b r a 2k 22k 4k 6k 8k 10k 12k 14k 16k 18k 20k hz
rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg 09-jun-10 page 40 of 41 power integrations, inc. tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com 18.2.3 v in = 230 vac, full phase figure 43 ? 2 khz ? 22 khz. 18.2.4 v in = 230 vac, half phase figure 44 ? 2 khz ? 22 khz. -30 +80 -20 -10 +0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 d b r a 2k 22k 4k 6k 8k 10k 12k 14k 16k 18k 20k hz -30 +80 -20 -10 +0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 d b r a 2k 22k 4k 6k 8k 10k 12k 14k 16k 18k 20k hz
09-jun-10 rdr-193 7 w par20 led driver using lnk403eg page 41 of 41 power integrations tel: +1 408 414 9200 fax: +1 408 414 9201 www.powerint.com for the latest updates, visit our website: www.powerint.com power integrations reserves the right to make changes to its products at any time to improve reliability or manufacturability. power integrations does not assume any liability arising fr om the use of any device or circuit described herein. power integrations makes no warranty herein and specifically disclaims all warranties including, without limitation, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, and non-infringement of third party rights. patent information the products and applications illustrated herein (including transformer construction and circuits external to the products) may be covered by one or more u.s. and foreign patents, or potentially by pending u.s. and foreign patent applications assigned to power integrations. a complete list of power integrations? patents may be found at www.powerint.com . power integrations grants its customers a license under certain pa tent rights as set forth at http://www.powerint.com/ip.htm. the pi logo, topswitch, tinyswitch, linkswitch, dpa-switch, peakswitch, ecosmart, clampless, e-shield, filterfuse, stackfet, pi expert and pi facts are trademarks of power integrations, inc. other trademarks are property of their respective companies. ?copyright 2010 power integrations, inc. power integrations worldwide sales support locations world headquarters 5245 hellyer avenue san jose, ca 95138, usa. main: +1-408-414-9200 customer service: phone: +1-408-414-9665 fax: +1-408-414-9765 e-mail: usasales@powerint.com germany rueckertstrasse 3 d-80336, munich germany phone: +49-89-5527-3911 fax: +49-89-5527-3920 e-mail: eurosales@powerint.com japan kosei dai-3 building 2-12-11, shin-yokohama, kohoku-ku, yokohama-shi, kanagawa 222-0033 japan phone: +81-45-471-1021 fax: +81-45-471-3717 e-mail: japansales@powerint.com taiwan 5f, no. 318, nei hu rd., sec. 1 nei hu district taipei 114, taiwan r.o.c. phone: +886-2-2659-4570 fax: +886-2-2659-4550 e-mail: taiwansales@powerint.com china (shanghai) rm 1601/1610, tower 1 kerry everbright city no. 218 tianmu road west shanghai, p.r.c. 200070 phone: +86-021-6354-6323 fax: +86-021-6354-6325 e-mail : chinasales@powerint.com india #1, 14 th main road vasanthanagar bangalore-560052 india phone: +91-80-4113-8020 fax: +91-80-4113-8023 e-mail: indiasales@powerint.com korea rm 602, 6fl korea city air terminal b/d, 159-6 samsung-dong, kangnam-gu, seoul, 135-728 korea phone: +82-2-2016-6610 fax: +82-2-2016-6630 e-mail: koreasales@powerint.com united kingdom 1st floor, st. james?s house east street, farnham surrey, gu9 7tj united kingdom phone: +44 (0) 1252-730-141 fax: +44 (0) 1252-727-689 e-mail: eurosales@powerint.com china (shenzhen) rm a, b & c 4 th floor, block c, electronics science and technology building 2070 shennan zhong road shenzhen, guangdong, p.r.c. 518031 phone: +86-755-8379-3243 fax: +86-755-8379-5828 e-mail: chinasales@powerint.com italy via de amicis 2 20091 bresso mi italy phone: +39-028-928-6000 fax: +39-028-928-6009 e-mail: eurosales@powerint.com singapore 51 newton road, #15-08/10 goldhill plaza singapore, 308900 phone: +65-6358-2160 fax: +65-6358-2015 e-mail: singaporesales@powerint.com applications hotline world wide +1-408-414-9660 applications fax world wide +1-408-414-9760

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